Critical Study of the Organization behaviour at Southwest Airlines The WritePass Journal

Critical Study of the Organization behaviour at Southwest Airlines Introduction: Critical Study of the Organization behaviour at Southwest Airlines Introduction:Bibliography: Related Introduction: According to Peter Senge (1990: 3)  learning organizations are organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together. (Peter Senge 1990: 3).Due to the rapid change in the business environment, the learning organisations came into access as it has flexibility, adaptively and productivity which excels an organisation. The people in the organisation have the capacity to learn but the structures in which they operate are often not conducive to engagement and reflection. Moreover, due to lack of tools and guiding ideas in the organisation it leads to unclear image of the situation in which the people works. There is a fundamental requirement in the organisations to shift mind amongst their members for continual expanding of their capacity to create their future. When you ask people about what it is like being part of a great team, what is most striking is the meaningfulness of the experience. People talk about being part of something larger than them, of being connected, of being generative. It becomes quite clear that, for many, their experiences as part of truly great teams stand out as singular periods of life lived to the fullest. Some spend the rest of their lives looking for ways to recapture that spirit. (Senge 1990: 13) .The various aspects that differentiate learning organisations from those traditional organisations lies in Peter Senge’s Five Discipline . They are: 1) Systems thinking 2) Personal mastery 3) Mental models 4) Building shared vision 5) Team learning Peter Senge (1990:14) says that people are agents to the structure in which they operate and they are a part of the structure. The disciplines are in this way that it  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœconcerned with a shift of mind from seeing parts to seeing wholes, from seeing people as helpless reactors to seeing them as active participants in shaping their reality, from reacting to the present to creating the future’ (Senge 1990: 69). It is to the disciplines that we will now turn. (http:// www.infed.org/index.htm) 1)   System Thinking- the cornerstone of the learning organization: System thinking is the Fifth Discipline amongst the Five Disciplines of Peter Senge. Systemic thinking is the conceptual cornerstone (‘The Fifth Discipline’) of his approach. It is the discipline that integrates the others, fusing them into a coherent body of theory and practice (ibid: 12).  The basic tools of the system theory can build into sophisticated models as they are fairly straightforward. Peter Senge states that one of the major obstacles is that what is written and what is done in the name of the management. It means that a simplified framework is used in a complex business environment. Focusing on the business as a part rather than a whole body leads to the failure of the organization as a dynamic process.( infed.org/index.htm) The five disciplines can be approached at one of three levels: Practices: what you do. Principles: guiding ideas and insights. Essences: the state of being those with high levels of mastery in the discipline (Senge 1990: 373). Each discipline provides a vital dimension. Each is necessary to the others if organizations are to ‘learn’.( infed.org/index.htm) 2)   Personal Mastery-   Personal mastery is the discipline of continually clarifying and deepening our personal vision, of focusing our energies, of developing patience, and of seeing reality objectively’ (ibid.: 7). It goes beyond  competence  and skills, although it involves them. It goes beyond spiritual opening, although it involves spiritual growth (ibid.: 141). Mastery is seen as a special kind of proficiency. It is not about dominance, but rather about  calling. Vision is vocation rather than simply just a good idea. People with high level of personal mastery lives in high level of continual learning. Personal mastery is not something which an individual possess but it a process. People possessing personal mastery have high level of self confidence.( infed.org/index.htm) 3)   Mental Models- Starts with turning the mirror inward; learning to unearth our internal pictures of the world, to bring them to the surface and hold them rigorously to scrutiny. It also includes the ability to carry on ‘meaningful’ conversations that balance inquiry and advocacy, where people expose their own thinking effectively and make that thinking open to the influence of others. (Senge 1990: 9). It is necessary for people to learn new skills and develop new orientations in an organization in order to develop the capacity to work with mental models. In other words it means fostering openness (Senge 1990: 273-286).( infed.org/index.htm) 4)   Building Shared Vision   It is one of the ideas about leadership that has inspired organizations for thousands of years. Such visions enables experimentation and innovation. Clear vision makes the people learn on their interest rather than telling them what to do. Translation of this visions into shared vision will lead to the success in achieving the long-term and short-goals of an organization.( infed.org/index.htm) 5)   Team Learning-Personal mastery and shared vision are not enough as it needs the people to work together in team. It will not only lead to good results for an organization but also help in rapid learning amongst the people.   It also involves learning how to recognize the patterns of interaction in teams that undermine learning. (Senge 1990: 10). Joining of dialogues with system thinking possibly creates a language which suits more for dealing with complexity, focuses on deep-seated of structural issues and forces rather than being diverted by questions of personality and leadership style. ( infed.org/index.htm). There is a myth in the mind of the employers that the educational qualification is enough to make an employee efficient, effective and competence. Education provides the basic cognitive skills to prepare an employee for work. In order to survive in this competitive business world, every organization needs to have their employees to be of highly polished skills and competence powers. This is where HRM steps in. Skills, knowledge and competency can only be developed through HRM. It makes the people to be more competitive as they were used to be. Training is costly as it requires arrangement of resources, staffs and many other perspectives which requires investment. For instance, a training and development programme takes place in XYZ Company. As it requires investment, there can be resistance from the different departments. This happens because the departments other than HRM are of the thought that if the training is given to achieve certain goals of the organization and the employees fail to achieve those goals, it would result in the loss of the business as the output is not equal or more than the output. On the other hand, if the employees achieve these goals it leads to the long-term benefits for the business. Improvement in the employee competency leads to increase in the corporate competitiveness which results in increasing profitability. In the view to increase the skills, efficiency, effectiveness and competence of the people in the organisation, it is necessary that the learning and development must be initiated by the HRM department. These sessions must be carefully planned and made sure that the resources are used at their best. The focus should not only be on the competence but also on the values and attitude. Learning is an initiative of change management which aims at developing employees potentials in order to add more value to the organization and the community they belonging to. (hrmbusiness.com/2008/08/hrm-basics-hrms-role-on-training-and.html). On a global perspective for enhancing the culture of learning and development of an organisation, the HRM goes through certain critical challenging issues which play a vital role for the growth of an organisation. One of the challenges that an organisation has to deal with is the employee turnover ratio, which means to retain the resources which for certain reasons wants to leave an organisation. The HRM department finds this part being critical for small medium organisations where they have low budgets to train their current resources or hiring new resources. If an employee leaves an organisation at a certain period of time which can put that project into crucial circumstances for its survival, it’s very important either to document down everything so other resources can pick the right path of that project or to retain them so that the project survives in its best. Hiring new resources and training them again on that project includes cost and time which doesn’t goes in favor of organisation where critical deadlines have to be met. This can also leave a negative impact of job insecurity on employees that the running organisation might be going through financial problems or they don’t find any growth in their career. So another challenge for HRM is to secure their jobs by providing them chances to grow in their career. Once an employee polishes its skill more gives him more confidence to produce better output for that organisation. It’s a contribution towards promoting a learning culture in the organisation too. So HRM ensures that all the necessary ingredients should be provided for an employee to learn more by their own interest. Some organisations have a strategy of providing them a library or an environment where the interest automatically develops. It could be in sense of competition or rewards or benefits whatever motivates them to produce their better output by learning more. So training and development under low budgets can al so be a challenging task for HRM as noticed that in small medium organisations usually a resource main ambition is to learn more as much as they can. And those trainings can be conducted internally as well externally. But how much budget that organisation can afford for it? Are they willing to invest on their employees in form of trainings? Is that a guarantee by training them, they won’t quit? These perspectives are being thought from an organisations end too. But Southwest airline has proved that putting trust in your employee and give them a free hand to think and logically come up with solutions to problems helped them a lot in building their culture where learning was mainly focused. Other issues like appraisal processes or motivational processes again have a vital role in the growth of an organisation which is directly linked to a psychological satisfaction. Maintaining and sustaining an equitable evaluation of performance system is a key to employee’s satisfacti on for their job and its performance. The more they are satisfied towards their jobs, the more they will input their efforts. (http://humanresources.about.com/od/retention/Retention_of_Employees_Tips_and_Tools_for_Employee_Retention.htm,scribd.com/doc/10041934/HRM-Training-Development) Considering the brief introduction of Southwest Airlines, the HRM Models that has been implemented are strategic as well as descriptive. As we all are well known about the incident of 9/11, it shook the root of airline industry. This gave a space in the industry to bring about the necessary change required in order to survive in that period. As other airline companies were struggling to survive in the market, Southwest Airlines was the only airline to hold its boot in the industry. From the strategic point of view, it can be seen that the leadership style was tremendous. The mission of Southwest Airlines, low cost, low fare, no frills, and its dedication to the highest quality of customer service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride and company spirit. The airline industry tried to cut down their expenses and marched towards the direction of continuous improvement and innovation. This brought the learning organisation into existence and soon it become very popular amongst the different industries including the airline industry. Learning organisation refers to continuous improvement and maximum utilisation of resources and this was one of the reasons that brought this concept into action. The employees in the organisation were treated in the same manner as the Southwest Airlines used to treat their customers. Creativity and innovation were given more importance than the other factors in the organization. There were lot of talks going around amongst the organisations regarding the team spirit but Southwest Airlines are the one that succeeded in achieving it. This is due to the thought amongst the strategic level that the employees come first than the customers as they are of great importance to the organisation. This shows the form of leadership style used at the strategic level which built trust, love and affection amongst its employees. As the change was took place in the organisation, the Southwest Airlines hold on with their employ ees rather than cutting jobs and saving cost. Infect the employees were trained in order to deliver the best customer service. The top level shared all the mission and vision of the organisation. Continuous improvement can be bought only if the information is clearly shared with the employees who help them to take punitive steps to achieve the goals of the organisation. A feeling of being a part of a big family made the employees to work for the most benefit of the organisation. The goal of profit maximization was achieved by keeping low cost and high quality of customer service. Competitors have learned from Southwest and its unique management strategies and they are using these tactics as well as unique ones to win over customer. It can also be said that the HRM model used by Southwest Airlines was SOFT HRM as it didn’t treat its employees like a resource but as human as well whereas HARD HRM treats human just like a resource. As we can clearly see the situation of Southwest Airlines, on the other hand the current situation of the British Airways stands nowhere as compared to Southwest Airlines. In spite of the airline industry being badly hit in that time, the Southwest Airlines anyhow managed to be the best airlines and to make maximum profit. On the other hand, British Airways struggles daily with staff problems, strikes, customer complaints, inadequate in achieving company’s goal. During the ash cloud period, British Airways used to bear a loss of  £20 million pounds on daily basis. Moreover, the ticket charges of British Airways are quite high as compared to Southwest Airlines. Employee’s conflict is one of the major reasons that due to which team spirit is neglected. The flow of organisation’s information and data is restricted as the strategic level feels that the company’s data should be confidential. This leads to a feeling of not being loyal and dishonest amongst the employees. Southwest did not employ the â€Å"hub-and-spoke† approach used by other major airlines, such as United, American, and Delta. Instead, its approach was short haul (average flight time was 55 minutes) and point-to-point (e.g., Dallas to Houston, Los Angeles to Phoenix). Southwest had no assigned seats, paid its crews by trip, and used less congested airports (e.g., Baltimore instead of Washington’s Dulles or Reagan; Manchester, N.H., instead of Boston, Mass.). (http://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/pdf/2002-2-0012.pdf) Bibliography: Retrieved 17 5, 2011, from (http:// www.infed.org/index.htm) Retrieved 17 5, 2011, from (http:// www.infed.org/index.htm) Retrieved 17 5, 2011, from (http:// www.infed.org/index.htm) Retrieved 17 5, 2011, from (http:// www.infed.org/index.htm) Retrieved 17 5, 2011, from (http:// www.infed.org/index.htm) Retrieved 17 5, 2011, from (http:// www.infed.org/index.htm) Retrieved 17 5, 2011, from (http:// www.infed.org/index.htm) Retrieved 18 5, 2011, from (hrmbusiness.com/2008/08/hrm-basics-hrms-role-on-training-and.html) Retrieved 18 5, 2011, from (http://humanresources.about.com/od/retention/Retention_of_Employees_Tips_and_Tools_for_Employee_Retention.htm ,scribd.com/doc/10041934/HRM-Training-Development) Retrieved 18 5, 2011, from (http://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/pdf/2002-2-0012.pdf)

Memory Leak Notification in Delphi on Program Exit

Memory Leak Notification in Delphi on Program Exit All Delphi versions since Delphi 2006 have an updated memory manager that is faster and more feature rich. One of the nicest features of the new memory manager allows applications to register (and unregister) expected memory leaks, and optionally report unexpected memory leaks on program shutdown. When creating WIN32 applications with Delphi it is imperative to make sure that you free all the objects (memory) you create dynamically. A memory (or resource) leak occurs when the program loses the ability to free the memory it consumes. Report Memory Leaks on Shutdown Memory leak detecting and reporting are set to false by default. To enable it, you need to set the global variable ReportMemoryLeaksOnShutdown to TRUE. When the application is closed, if there are unexpected memory leaks the application will display the Unexpected Memory Leak dialog box. The best place for the ReportMemoryLeaksOnShutdown would be in the programs source code (dpr) file. begin   Ã‚  ReportMemoryLeaksOnShutdown : DebugHook 0;   Ã‚  //source by Delphi   Ã‚  Application.Initialize;   Ã‚  Application.MainFormOnTaskbar : True;   Ã‚  Application.CreateForm(TMainForm, MainForm) ;   Ã‚  Application.Run; end. Note: a global variable DebugHook is used above to make sure memory leaks are displayed when the application is run in debug mode - when you fit F9 from the Delphi IDE. Test Drive: Memory Leak Detection Having ReportMemoryLeaksOnShutdown set to TRUE, add the following code in the main forms OnCreate event handler. var   Ã‚  sl : TStringList; begin   Ã‚  sl : TStringList.Create;   Ã‚  sl.Add(Memory leak!) ; end; Run the application in debug mode, exit the application - you should see the memory leak dialog box. Note: If you are looking for a tool to catch your Delphi application errors such as memory corruption, memory leaks, memory allocation errors, variable initialization errors, variable definition conflicts, pointer errors ... take a look at madExcept and EurekaLog Delphi Tips Navigator Date Time SQL Queries: Formatting Date Time Values for Access SQL in DelphiForce TListViews Edit Mode using a Keyboard Shortcut

The trial of Saddam Hussein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The trial of Saddam Hussein - Essay Example According to Michael Sharf, the Saddam Hussein trial can be classed as one of the most important cases in international law because (a) the scale of atrocities was high (b) Hussein was a top ranking leader (c) interest of the international community due to the coalition led against Iraq (d) sets a legal precedent for international crimes and (e) effect of the trial and whether it was perceived as fair.1 While Saddam Hussein was guilty of heinous offences against his countrymen, nevertheless, the question of whether or not his trial was fair and whether any substantive human rights issues were raised is a legitimate one, in the interest of future trend sin international criminal law. The basic premise that underlies human rights law is the fact that they are universal2, and therefore transcend social, cultural and political barriers and differences3. An international crime cannot be left within the exclusive jurisdiction of the national authority that would normally exercise control o ver such instances4 since international crimes may implicate those in positions of power and authority in the local Government. War crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity5, torture and aggression are all included under international crimes and international criminal law is the law that governs such crimes.6 The International criminal Court which came into being in 2002, has jurisdiction over nationals for crimes occurring on the territory of all states that have ratified the Rome Statute.

Public Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public Law - Assignment Example At what point is a constitutional convention said to exist? Scholars have developed several tests over time to indentify existed of a convention. They include Jennings test developed by Sir Ivor Jennings and Marshall and Moodie test. The objective of this paper is to examine the two tests, their differences and how both tests apply in case of an individual minister responsibility. Jennings test According to Sir Ivor Jennings, a constitutional convention exists if three core requirements are satisfied: (1) The must precedents underpinning it, (2) the parties to the particular convention must be bound by it and (3) there must be a reason for the existence of the convention. This test was adopted by the Supreme Court of Canada in Re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada.5 In this case, the government had proposed certain changes to the constitution without seeking consent of the provinces. The Constitution of Canada did not require consent of the provinces in such circumstances. Howev er, a convention had developed such that the consent of the provinces was always sought before such a change to the constitution. ... The main issue was whether education convention had been extended over time by custom to include advocacy correspondence. The court adopted Jennings test. It had no problem with establishing the first element since the prince had clearly been engaging in advocacy correspondence. With regard to the second element, the tribunal found that Prince Charles did not feel entitled to contact ministers and they did not feel they were obligated to respond as part of his â€Å"preparation for kingship.6 The third element was also finding lacking. The tribunal held that the education convention did not extend to advocacy correspondence: â€Å"it is the constitutional role of the monarch, not the heir to the throne, to encourage or warn government†.7 Consequently since two out of the three requirements failed, the tribunal held that the educational convention did not extend to advocacy.8 Marshall and Moodie test Marshal and Moodie9 state â€Å"a convention is a non-legal rule of constitu tional behavior which has been consistently accepted by those affected by it as binding on them, but which is not enforceable in the courts† Therefore, according to Marshal and Moodie, the question to ask is whether the convention has been consistently accepted by those to whom it is binding. Secondly, it has to be formulated on the basis of an acknowledged principle of government.10 According to the Upper Tribunal in Evans, â€Å"there was in fact nothing said by Marshall and Moodie which was inconsistent with what was said by Jennings†.11 However, the two tests exhibit some differences. To begin with, according to Jennings first test, the particular convention must have had a precedent. â€Å"A single precedent with a good reason may be enough to establish the

Timberland †Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Timberland – Corporate Social Responsibility Essay How do Timberlands social responsibility efforts and high ethical standards benefit the company? Timberland’s CSR (Corporate social responsibility) efforts benefit the company in a number of ways: By involving all stakeholders be it consumers, employees or stock holders, Timberland ensures that it is not â€Å"business as usual† but much more towards giving back to the community from which it derives sustenance. By contributing to the local community through PIES (Partners in education and service) and other projects, it ensures that the local community is made to feel like â€Å"part of the family† Timberland is undertaking thirteen different projects with the local community and the employee’s involvement sparks what the management calls a â€Å"revolution† in social justice. Over the past several years, corporate America has been shaken by a series of scandals involving the top management and the whole image of these companies had taken a severe beating. Timberland, by its CSR efforts has ensured that all its stakeholders have a positive approach towards the company and this helps it in its business efforts.       Why is the leader’s personal involvement key? By aligning themselves with the social responsibility efforts, Timberland’s management has ensured that: Their personal involvement ensures that the employees are motivated and â€Å"follow the leader† in their efforts towards CSR By letting employees get a paid leave of 40 hours to contribute towards CSR efforts, the leadership of Timberland is sending a strong message to all the stakeholders about its sincerity and commitment towards the community projects The fact that the leadership was present at the meeting of volunteers to kick off the CSR efforts is a signal that â€Å"everyone is involved†. Timberland is striving to create a brand identity for itself as a caring and ethical company. Towards this, the leadership wants to ensure that it does not fall into the quagmire of profit driven unethical behavior and instead engage themselves with the community at large.

President Clintons New Directions Economic Plan :: essays research papers

President Clinton's â€Å"New Directions† Economic Plan In 1992, America was under economic distress and uncertainty as a country. America had experienced high unemployment, big deficits, high interest rates, low productivity gains and falling real wages for average Americans. After twelve years of national drift and economic decline, President Clinton charted a path to growth with the â€Å"New Directions† economic plan designed to create jobs, boost incomes, move our economy from consumption to investment, and reduce our deficit. His three-part economic strategy focused on three objectives: fiscal discipline, investing in education, health care, science and technology, and opening foreign markets. This strategy has helped foster the conditions for what is now the longest expansion in US history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fiscal discipline set out to rid our economy of its deficit and get interest rates back down and investment up. In 1992, America experienced the highest dollar level in history--$290 billion deficit. In 1999, we had a budget surplus of $124 billion—the largest dollar surplus on record and the largest as a share of our economy since 1951. The National Debt should be eliminated by Y2015 if we stay on track with this economic plan. Continuing the strategy has in turn lowered interest rates that help ordinary Americans. It cut the price of the average home mortgage, the price of the average car payment and the average college loan repayment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American Technology has moved in a new direction, which has fostered economic growth. Information Technology has helped transform the economy. Information Technology has made a crucial contribution to the new economy, helping fuel record growth, higher wages, and changes in the way business is done throughout the economy. Information Technology accounts for only 8% of the total jobs but has been responsible for nearly one-third of US economic growth. Wages in the Information Technology industry are 77% higher than the private sector average wage. Declining Information technology prices have lowered the overall inflation rate by nearly one percentage point. Information Technology now accounts for nearly half of business investments. Adjusted for inflation, American companies invested three times more in Information Technology in 1999 than in 1992.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Clinton-Gore Administration has opened foreign markets for high tech goods, cracked down on foreign piracy and liberalized export controls on computers and telecommunications equipment. At the same time negotiating over 270 trade agreements, including those involving high technology issues. By eliminating hundreds of programs, the investment in education and training has doubled.

An Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman

EvansHUM 2210 REVIEW SHEET EXAM 1 LISTS 1. Features that identify a society as â€Å"civilized†a. Agriculture (irrigation) and breeding of animals = surplus food (goats, peig, cattle, sheep). Wheat, barley, rice, and maize. (Sci&Tech- polish stone tools. Ex: stone sickles)b. Cities: large apartment settlements= standard architecture & surplus manpowerc. Writing (â€Å"gifts of the gods†)= records. Pictograph, ideogram, cuneiform.d. Institutions for centralized & inherited power . – Priesthood for centralized sacred ritual – Kingship for centralized political and social structure (Paraoh= kings in Egypt) .2. Geographical areas of early civilizations (Attached) 3. Ages of early Greek mythology to Ovid ( Poet of Metamorphoses)a. Origin of humans: sacred clay (wise and rulers) blood of titans (murderous and criminals), and stones(endurance)b. 4 ages as decline: Golden (peace), Silver (seasons &farming), Bronze (war), Iron (mining, deforestation, crime).4. Dominant and alternate cultural themes in the Iliad Audience: upper-class men Purpose: cultural propaganda.Greek Heros= models of courage & skill to men (what to be) & women (what to look for- sense of security). a. Dominant Theme: warrior code of personal honor and glory b. Contrasting themes: Family principle, simple country life vs. war, admiration of enemies. 5. Literary works by Homer Blind poet Homer – represents the culmination of a long and vigorous tradition in which oral recitation—possibly to instrumental accompaniment—was a popular kind of entertainment. Iliad, Odyssey.6. Major column types in Greek architecture (know the parts) a. Doric: Plan projects streng th, power. Useful for king or state intimidate?Temple to powerful gods. b. Ionic: elegant, sophisticated. Useful for gods and people of wisdom. Libraries. c. Corinthian: more sophisticated. Projects wealth and power that comes with it. Useful to imperial Rome to intimidate and amaze. Makes the emperor or state look all powerful, even if they aren’t! [pic]7. Major parts of architectural buildings on the Acropolis of Athens (City on the hills. Ex: Propyleia & Parthenon) a. Propylaia: Monumental entrance as the gate/threshold into the sacred hill. b. Athena Nike: shrine to Athena as goddess of victory. Guardian of the hill. c. Parthenon (the Virgin) East Pediment (front): birth of Athena. Born from the head of Zeus= intuition. Feminine principle of wisdom, sacred bird is the one. – West Pediment (back): Competition between Athena & Poseidon for Athens. Ancestors chose Athen’s gift for the olive tree= they preferred to war. Athenians all sheer this wisdom and desire for peace. – The metopes (framed carvings on each side): the victories over the Amazons, centaurs, giants, and Trojans/Persians = justice prevails over brute force, aggression.8. Major philosophers of the Greek Classical and Hellenistic periods Greek Classical: a. Moral: Socrates Dialectic Method= critical approach. Question & answer search for â€Å"Truth† – â€Å"Knowledge is virtue† & â€Å"to know the good is to do the good. † – â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living† – â€Å"Produced skeptics (only believe what is absolutely certain) & agnostics (don’t believe what is not known for certain). b. Social: Plato – Student of Socrates; Founded Academy in Athens, 387 B. C. – Theory of Forms: where is â€Å"Truth†: uncanning, state Level 4: Knowledge= certainties Level 3: Thinking= math geometry abstracts Lower Levels: Opinions Level 2: Beliefs (â€Å"Material world is true gone. ) Level 1: I maginings (â€Å"Images [art] = reality) – Allegory of the Cave. Truth is painful. c. Logic: Aristotle – Student of Plato, founded school in Athens, 335 B. C. – Organized natural sciences into biology, zoology, botany – Theory of Universals: Inductive Science: Universals discovered from particulars, therefore studying the material world can (only) produce universals/ absolutes. Plato’s dualism devalued study of material world. – Deductive/Formal Logic for ethics and science Hellenistic: a. Epicuranism – Founder: Epicurus (341-271 B. C. ) Atomist: all matter made up of atoms so all forms are random; no controls – No afterlife: death= end; no judgment – Absolute free will: each creates own destiny; absolute individuality – Goal of life: Pleasure (hedone> hedonism) *individual pleasure -> society would crush Pleasure: absence of pain. Pain < unsatisfied desires. Minimal desires > Peace & pleasure; harmony = agreemen t between desires and fulfillment. Life of Moderation (Ex: credit card vs. cash budget). b. Stoicism *Resistance cause pain, learn to live the Stoic life. – Founder: Zeno (334-262 B. C. ) Social Logos (=Heraclitus): All natural and society controlled by reason. The destiny of one is the FOR THE GOOD OF THE WHOLE. Happiness < accepting one’s destiny. – Suffering < resisting predestined life – Stoic Goal: Evenness, dispassionate= no joy in success, no sorrow in failure. – Brotherhood of Man: Logos Lives in everything and everyone as fire DEFINITION (know the basic meaning or reference of each term) -Polytheism/monotheism: the belief in many gods/ the belief in only one god. – Post & lintel: the simplest form or architectural construction, consisting of vertical members (posts) and supporting horizontals (lintels). Caste System: a rigid social stratification in India based on differences in wealth, rank, or occupation. – Muse/muses: musi c – Ziggurat: a terraced tower of rubble and brick that served ancient Mesopotamians as a temple-shrine. – Pharaoh: title of Egyptian king. – Dialectic: question-and- answer style (Socrates) – Animism: the belief that the forces of nature are inhibited by spirits. – Homeopathic: power infused based on likeness or imitation. *exaggerates sometime. – Hellenistic: followed by the Classical era; the blending of Greek, African, and Asian cultures. – Pantheism: the belief that a divine spirit pervades all things in universe. Contagion: power transferred by contact. – Stoic Logos: Seminal Reason, through which all things came to be, by which all things were ordered, and to which all things returned. – Myth: story form (poetry) vs. philosophy or scientific explanation; typically involving gods and ancestors with supernatural power. Purpose: to order universe and society. – Ethnocentric: the belief in the inherent superior ity of one's own ethnic group or culture. – Epicureanism: Happiness depending on avoiding all forms of physical excess; valued plain living and the perfect union of body and mind.Gods played no part in human life, and death was nothing more than the rearrangement of atoms which the body and all of nature consist. – Covenant: contract; the bod between the Hebrew people and their god. – Yin/Yang: the principle, which ancient Chinese emperors called â€Å"the foundation of the entire universe,† interprets all nature as the dynamic product of two interacting cosmic forces, or modes of energy, commonly configured as twin interpenetrating shapes enclosed within a circle. Yang- male principle: lightness, hardness, brightness, warmth, and the sun. Ying- female principle: darkness, softness, moisture, coolness, the earth. Metope: the square panel between the beam ends under the roof of a structure. – Plato’s Theory of Forms:where is â€Å"Truth†? Above: perfect world of forms: originals, absolute, uncanning state. Below: imperfect world of matter: copies, changing, opinions. – Ideal tragedy: hero’s life changes from fortune to misfortune due to intellectual error. – Pediment: the triangular space forming the gable of a two-pitched roof in Classical architecture; any similar triangular form found over a portico, door, or window. – Epic History: a long narrative poem that recounts the deeds of a legendary or historical hero in his quest for meaning or identity.IDENTIFICATION: Know who or what each refers to -Venus Figurines: sympathetic & contagious magic for fertility of nature and humans. -Stone Henge: sacred space; limitation of celestial world? Sun and moon for their fertility power? -Parthenon: the outstanding architectural achievement of Golden Age Athens -Gate of Ishtar: one of the eight gates of the inner city of Babylon (main entrance), was built during the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II (604- 562 BC), after he burned Jerusalem. Starting point for Nebuchadnezzar II, after he bought the kingdom of Judah to an end; he wants to beautify the capital. Achilles: Achaean (Greek) hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad. -Plato: Wrote the famous treatise, Republic. Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens. -Hammurapi: sixth king of Babylon, known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. -Athena: goddess of wisdom and war. -Sophocles: second of the great tragedians, developed his plots through the actions of the characters.He modified the ceremonial formality of earlier Greek tragedies by individualizing the characters and introducing moments of great psychological intimacy. Antigone -Confucius : Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Au tumn Period of Chinese history. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. -Zeus: the powerful sky god. -Epicurus: Greek thinker who advocated Epicuranism. -Moses: the leader who led the Hebrews across the Red Sea. -Antigone: A tragic play wrote by Sophocles.Proceed from the last phase of the history of Thebes. The play deals with many issues: duty to family (generation) vs. duty to state/law; female willpower vs. male authority (gender) -Homer: poet who wrote Iliad and Odyssey -Aristotle: Student of Plato, Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. -Zeno: Founder of Stoicism. MAP (be able to match the culture with its geography) 2. Nile r. / Jerusalem/Egypt 3. Euphrates r. / Tigris r. Persia /Babylon/ Mesopotamia 4. Olympus /Athens/ Aegean Sea/ Greece [pic]

Keinan Abdi Warsame (K’Naan) an Unsung Hero!

Courage is being able to have the mental strength along with the ability to understand that you have a moral obligation to face your fears, danger and with stand any difficulties in life no matter how they are presented to you. My historian with courage is K’naan who is a poet, singer, songwriter, rapper and an instrumentalist. His birth name is Keinan Abdi Warsame and he was born on February 1, 1978 in Mogadishu, Somalia. In 1991 he experienced the beginning of the Somali Civil War. He had to witness his family members and friends fall victim to the war.K’naan had also played a short role in the war by participating in the gun violence. He felt (like many others) if you don’t participate, you will die. He has faced need death, from being shot at and walking through bomb mined fields. His mother was able to legally flee with him and his siblings to Canada, only to continue witnessing the minor life styles of the war that was brought over sees. He felt that he had to do something about this dire situation and began to rap to express this need. In 1999 he challenged the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in regards to its failed aid missions to Africa (in particularly Somalia).In 2010 his song â€Å"Waving Flag† became the anthem for FIFA World Cup game and video game, which was extremely important for him because it was held in Africa. He has been joined by many artists from around the world in issues varying from the wars in Africa, the Haitian earthquake of 2009, and child abduction/slavery through his song â€Å"Fatima†. In 2011 he was given a special recognition from former President Bill Clinton for his global ambassador work. You have the power to stop someone from being hurt or to show them that they are thought of.

Auditors Report Essays

Auditors Report Essays Auditors Report Essay Auditors Report Essay PSA 700 (Redrafted) Illustration 1: Circumstances include the following: Audit of a complete set of financial statements. The financial statements are prepared for a general purpose by management of the entity in accordance with PFRS. The terms of the audit engagement reflect description managementâ„ ¢s responsibility for the financial statements in PSA 210 (Redrafted). In addition to the audit of the financial statements, the auditor has other reporting responsibilities required under local law. INDEPENDENT AUDITORâ„ ¢S REPORT [Appropriate Addressee] Report on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying financial statements of ABC Company, which comprise the balance sheet as at December 31, 20X1, and the income statement, statement of changes in equity and cash flow statement for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information. Managementâ„ ¢s Responsibility for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with Philippine Financial Reporting Standards; this includes the design, implementation and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditorâ„ ¢s Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with Philippine Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditorâ„ ¢s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entityâ„ ¢s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entityâ„ ¢s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Opinion In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of ABC Company as at December 31, 20X1, and (of) its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with Philippine Financial Reporting Standards. Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements [Form and content of this section of the auditorâ„ ¢s report will vary depending on the nature of the auditorâ„ ¢s other reporting responsibilities.] [Auditorâ„ ¢s signature] [Date of the auditorâ„ ¢s report] [Auditorâ„ ¢s address]

Biography and Profile of John Napier, Mathematician

Biography and Profile of John Napier, Mathematician The hand without a thumb is at worst nothing but an animated spatula and at best a pair of forceps whose points dont meet properly - John Napier John Napier was a Scottish ​mathematician and inventor. Napier is famous for creating mathematical logarithms, creating the decimal point, and for inventing Napiers Bones, a calculating instrument. John Napier While better known as a mathematician, John Napier was a busy inventor. He proposed several military inventions including burning mirrors that set enemy ships on fire, special artillery that destroyed everything within a radius of four miles, bulletproof clothing, a crude version of a tank, and a submarine-like device. John Napier invented a hydraulic screw with a revolving axle that lowered water levels in coal pits. Napier also worked on agricultural innovations to improve crops with manures and salt. Mathematician As a Mathematician, the highlight of John Napiers life was the creation of logarithms and the decimal notation for fractions. His other mathematical contributions included: a mnemonic for formulas used in solving spherical triangles, two formulas known as Napiers analogies used in solving spherical triangles, and the exponential expressions for trigonometric functions. In 1621, English mathematician and clergyman, William Oughtred used Napiers logarithms when he invented the slide rule. Oughtred invented the standard rectilinear slide rule and circular slide rule. Napiers Bones Napiers bones were multiplication tables written on strips of wood or bones. The invention was used for multiplying, dividing, and taking square roots and cube roots.

Modern Growth of Gangs in Rural and Suburban America Research Paper

Modern Growth of Gangs in Rural and Suburban America - Research Paper Example (Maxson, 1993) Street gangs are therefore, no exception. This paper examines the growth of street gangs in rural America with the emphasis on California. The US Criminal Code describes a street gang as a group containing at least five persons whose main purpose is to commit at least one criminal offense. (US Criminal Code) The Criminal Intelligence Service of Canada offers perhaps, the best definition of street gangs, describing this term of reference as: â€Å"a term that law enforcement traditionally used to categorize crime groups that consisted predominantly of young males from similar ethnic backgrounds that were usually engaged in a low level of criminality, often based within a specific geographical area.† (Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, 2004, 29) The US Department of Justice, however, notes that since the 1990s, street gangs have ceased to be gender specific and have generously spread its reach beyond urban areas and into rural areas. (McGloin, 2003, 1) Moreover, street gang crime has become more prevalent as of the 1990s and is attracting persons of all ethnic groups and ages.(Fleisher and Decker, 2001, 65-77) Criminologists typically agree that street gangs have a largely negative impact on their community and the residents. (McGloin, 2003, 1)This is because street gangs contribute to firearms activity, violence, drug supply and demand, home invasions, auto theft, murder â€Å"and/or general decline in the quality of life,† and other serious crimes. (McGloin, 2003, 2) Since the 1990s the make-up and demographics of street gangs have changed with its growth. (Esbensen and Winfree, 1998, 505-526) As gangs and gang membership increases across America, they are branching out into rural areas and attracting diverse ethnic and gender groups. (Esbensen and Winfree, 1998, 505-526) While street gangs do not demand the